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- <text>
- <title>
- (1940s) Germany Attacks Russia
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1940s Highlights
- </history>
- <link 08182>
- <link 08183>
- <link 00076><article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- Germany Attacks Russia
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> [The second spring of the war arrived, and with it another
- German offensive, this time in the Balkans and North Africa,
- taking over where the Italians had fumbled. In Yugoslavia, a
- coup by a youthful anti-Nazi king against his pro-Nazi uncle the
- regent, which sounded a little like a plot for a romance,
- rallied his countrymen's courage. But courage was no match for
- German tanks. Yugoslavia and Greece fell in three weeks. In
- North America, the Germans promptly stopped the British romp
- into Libya.
- </p>
- <p> The final subjugation of southern Europe paved the way for the
- most amazing aboutface of the war: Hitler's attack on his
- erstwhile ally Stalin. Germany and nearly everyone else thought
- that because of the Soviet's lack of preparedness across such
- a vast front, the German armies would have an easy conquest.]
- </p>
- <p>(June 30, 1941)
- </p>
- <p> The irony of the new attack was that smart Joseph Stalin had
- out-smarted himself. Russia, whose pact with Germany enabled
- Hitler to start the war, now felt the full fury of the war.
- </p>
- <p> In the charges of neither side was there even a tone of
- surprise. They had never trusted each other. In the timetable
- of German-Russian relations since the NonAggression Pact of
- August 1939 could be read the progressive failure of Stalin's
- political marriage of convenience. Now Hitler had turned on him.
- </p>
- <p> There were many reasons, many calculations, behind the
- decision to attack Russia at this time. Some were clear, others
- still obscure. In his proclamation Hitler said his General Staff
- did not dare to reach a "radical conclusion of the war in the
- West" with Russia at Germany's back. For a month Germany had
- been pressing demands on Russia that Stalin had evidently
- decided he could not meet and survive.
- </p>
- <p> The crisis came at a time chosen by Adolf Hitler. He
- apparently recognized that U.S. entry into the war would make
- the struggle a long one. For a long war he had to be sure of
- Russian supplies. If Stalin could not be bluffed into letting
- Germans take charge of Russia's economy, Germans would have to
- take it by force.
- </p>
- <p> The clash, therefore, was bound to come.
- </p>
- <p> How long would the Russians last? Almost no one except the
- Russians was convinced that they could trounce the Germans. But
- if the Russians could put up a long and bitter fight on their
- own soil, if they could make Hitler pay far more than he thought
- he was going to have to pay, especially if they could prolong
- the war into one more winter, then they might give the Battle
- of Russia a glory commensurate with its size.
- </p>
- <p>(July 7, 1941)
- </p>
- <p> After seven days of fighting, the German High Command was
- convinced its armies had defeated Russia's. The German High
- Command has, to most of the world's misfortune, not yet been
- wrong.
- </p>
- <p> The pathetic fallacy which gave the Russians--and most of the
- world--continuing hope was the Napoleonic parallel. After so
- many people had clung to the World War I parallel on the French
- Front, until the Maginot Line was flanked and it was clear that
- this would be no war of position, it was strange that so many
- more clung to the even more antique Napoleonic parallel--the
- belief that by drawing the Germans forward into huge Russia, the
- defenders could let weather and distance defeat Adolf Hitler
- just as it had Napoleon Bonaparte.
- </p>
- <p> Adolf Hitler's Army is as light on its feet as a ballerina.
- Its supply system (airplane, truck, motorcycle sidecar) and its
- communications (uncoded wireless, telephoning as simply as
- calling up the girl friend) move like clockwork. While trying
- to withdraw before this system, any Army, and especially the
- sluggish, massive Red Army, would be bound to lose more than it
- hurt and would probably be demolished before it retreated enough
- hundreds of miles to tire out the attacker.
- </p>
- <p> [Churchill and the British persuaded the U.S. that in order
- for Britain to stay in the war, the Soviet Union would have to
- stay in too, which meant that the Russians would also have to
- have Lend-Lease assistance. That summer, U.S. materiel began
- moving to the Soviet Union via the Pacific port of Vladivostok
- or by the extremely hazardous convoy route to Murmansk over the
- northern bulge of Scandinavia. Meanwhile, in desperation, Stalin
- cast aside Marxist ideology and appealed to the Russian people's
- deep patriotism; and with the Germans deep in the Ukraine,
- besieging desperate Leningrad, and only 100 or so miles from
- Moscow, the Russian armies held.]
- </p>
- <p>(October 27, 1941)
- </p>
- <p> Adolf Hitler said last week that he had beaten Russia. He
- meant that he was beating Russia. He may have had good reason
- to be sure of the eventual outcome, but he still had a heap of
- winning to do before he could lay a bearskin on Germany's
- livingroom floor.
- </p>
- <p> He still had to defeat the remaining Ukraine armies of the
- whiskery horseman, Semion Budenny. He still had to crack Odessa,
- with its cauterizing artillery. He still had to take the Crimea,
- with its naval base. He still had to rush Leningrad, with its
- 16 divisions and millions of angry civilians. Above all, he
- still had to wrench Moscow, at the center of Russia's web of
- communications, from its defenders. Unquestionably, he still had
- work to do.
- </p>
- <p> Why, since these things were so, did Adolf Hitler say he had
- already beaten Russia?
- </p>
- <p> The clear influence was that he had to say it because his own
- people were full of anxiety about the way the war with Russia
- was dragging.
- </p>
- <p> In spite of the preparation, in spite of the effort, the
- Germans seemed to creep closer all the time. The outer "Moscow
- Circle" of more or less permanent defenses was breached in at
- least three places. The inner circle--only 60 miles from the
- city--was hard pressed. The entire city was in danger of
- encirclement.
- </p>
- <p> Because of this catastrophe, Joseph Stalin rushed everything
- he could into the reach. On the Moscow approaches he was
- reported to have sent Russian cavalry against German tanks. He
- heard that in defense of one 300-yard stretch of railroad track
- 1,600 citizens, including women and boys as young as twelve,
- dashed suicidally into Nazi gunfire. He heard about the death
- march of 15 rows of infantrymen in closed ranks.</p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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